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Bone Mineral Density as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: A Real-World Retrospective Study
, Mohamed Magdi, Mostafa Reda Mostafa, Keerthi Renjith, Parvathi Pillai, Musaib Syed, Sarah Mohamed, Viqarunnisa Zahid, Nathan Ritter, Omar Al Ali, Mallory Balmer-Swain, Amjad Makaryus, Nisha PillaiAbstract
Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in women remains understudied, under-diagnosed, and under-treated. Traditional risk factors affect mens and womens hearts differently. However, the current risk stratification tools do not consider such sex-specific factors. We aimed to investigate the utility of bone mineral density (BMD) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scoring as a predictor of ASCVD in women.
Methods: Data of 1,995 patients who underwent DXA scanning from 2012 to 2014 at multiple centers within our health system were collected through a chart review and using the SlicerDicer tool of Epic electronic medical records (EMR) to identify comorbidities and outcomes. Age, sex, race, history of hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLD), diabetes mellitus (DM), body mass index (BMI), and smoking status were noted. The primary outcome was the composite of ASCVD events (stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac death). Osteoporosis was defined as a T score of < -2.5, and osteopenia was defined as a combined T score between -1.5 to -2.5 in either hip, one of the femurs or combined.
Results: Of the 1,995 female participants who underwent DXA scanning, 245 patients (10.8%) experienced ASCVD events during the mean follow-up of 9 years. After adjusting covariables, women with osteoporosis and combined low BMD have higher odds of the composite ASCVD events compared to normal BMD (odds ratio (OR) 4.60 (2.783 - 7.867), P < 0.0001). Low BMD in each site, the right femur, left femur, and hip is associated with an increased risk of ASCVD events (OR 6.50 (3.637 - 11.608), P < 0.0001; OR 5.07 (3.166 - 8.108), P < 0.000; OR 3.36 (2.127 - 5.312), P < 0.0001, respectively). Osteoporosis is independently linked to a 4.25-fold rise in MI incidence and a 3.64-fold rise in stroke. Osteopenia was not associated with ASCVD events (OR 1.29 (0.754 - 2.204), P = 0.35416).
Conclusions: BMD measurement with DXA scan could stratify and predict the risk of ASCVD events in women, with no additional economic strain on healthcare. Further wide-scale studies are needed to utilize this potentially promising predictor and a commonly used test.
J Endocrinol Metab. 2022;12(4-5):125-133
doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem840