Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 5, October 2024, pages 240-249

Exploring Cystatin C as an Early Indicator of End-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. The average level of fasting blood sugar and the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin of the studied samples by group.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Average serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and blood albumin of the studied samples by group.
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Average serum level of ALT, AST and ALP of the examined samples by group. ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. The mean serum level of cystatin C in the blood of the examined samples by group.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. The average serum level of creatinine, albumin and cystatin C of the examined samples by group.

Table

Table 1. Difference in the Mean Serum Levels of Creatinine, Albumin and Cystatin C Blood Factors of the Examined Samples by Group Using Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons Test
 
Comparison of renal factors in different groupsMean difference95% CI differenceP-value
BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CI: confidence interval.
Control albumin
  Control BUN-12.08-16.75 to -7.3980.001
  Control creatinine3.5982.749 to 4.4460.001
  Diabetic BUN3.7662.360 to 5.1720.001
Diabetic albumin
  Diabetic BUN-9.882-15.18 to -4.5860.001
  Diabetic creatinine2.7131.757 to 3.6690.001
  Diabetic cystatin C2.8701.374 to 4.3660.001
Nephropathy albumin
  Nephropathy BUN-68.31-73.03 to -63.580.001
  Nephropathy creatinine-5.253-6.106 to -4.4000.001
  Nephropathy cystatin C2.8711.406 to 4.3350.001
Diabetic nephropathy albumin
  Diabetic nephropathy BUN-75.37-80.53 to -70.200.001
  Diabetic nephropathy creatinine-2.737-3.669 to -1.8040.001
  Diabetic nephropathy cystatin C3.0901.939 to 4.2410.001
Control creatinine
  Control BUN-15.67-20.38 to -10.970.001
  Control cystatin C0.1681-1.240 to 1.576ns
Diabetic creatinine
  Diabetic BUN-12.59-17.89 to -7.2990.001
  Diabetic cystatin C0.1574-1.339 to 1.653ns
Nephropathy creatinine
  Diabetic nephropathy BUN-63.06-67.78 to -58.330.001
  Nephropathy cystatin C8.1246.659 to 9.5880.001
Diabetic nephropathy creatinine
  Diabetic nephropathy BUN-72.63-77.80 to -67.470.001
  Diabetic nephropathy cystatin C5.8264.675 to 6.9770.001
Control BUN
  Control cystatin C15.848.053 to 23.630.001
Diabetic BUN
  Diabetic cystatin C12.754.462 to 21.040.001
Nephropathy BUN
  Nephropathy cystatin C71.1863.06 to 79.290.001
Diabetic nephropathy BUN
  Diabetic nephropathy cystatin C78.4672.08 to 84.840.001