J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 1, February 2024, pages 21-32

Association of Metabolic Syndrome With Serum Uric Acid Level in Male Workers

Figure 1. Prevalence of MetS and number of MS according to SUA quartiles. (a) The prevalence of MetS showed significant correlation with SUA quartiles (P < 0.001). (b) MS also had a positive relationship depending on the SUA quartiles (P < 0.001). MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; SUA: serum uric acid.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Study Participants
Variables	Worker without MetS (n = 6,926)	Worker with MetS (n = 2,265)	P value
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DW: daytime worker; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; PA: physical activity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SW: shift worker; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.
Age (years)	41.0 ± 9.9	45.9 ± 8.9	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 2.6	27.2 ± 3.3	< 0.001
WC (cm)	83.0 ± 6.8	91.2 ± 8.0	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	120.9 ± 10.7	128.6 ± 11.5	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	77.1 ± 8.7	82.0 ± 9.1	< 0.001
WBC (/µL)	5,940 ± 1,464	6,333 ± 1,539	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	25.6 ± 17.7	30.9 ± 19.7	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	27.7 ± 19.5	41.2 ± 31.5	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	33.0 ± 30.3	53.6 ± 50.6	< 0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	95.2 ± 12.4	109.4 ± 24.0	< 0.001
T-Chol (mg/dL)	202.5 ± 35.1	203.7 ± 41.9	0.235
HDL-C (mg/dL)	55.7 ± 11.9	46.2 ± 10.2	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	126.6 ± 32.2	122.3 ± 37.7	< 0.001
TG (mg/dL)	117.0 ± 73.5	213.8 ± 167.4	< 0.001
UA (mg/dL)	6.2 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 1.4	< 0.001
Cr (mg/dL)	0.95 ± 0.14	0.97 ± 0.17	0.003
MS (n)	0.9 ± 0.8	3.5 ± 0.7	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption (%)			< 0.001
≥ Twice a week	1,219 (17.6)	515 (22.7)
≤ Once a week	5,707 (82.4)	1,750 (77.3)
Smoking status (%)			< 0.001
Non-smoker	3,258 (47.0)	743 (32.8)
Former smoker	2,067 (29.8)	836 (36.9)
Current smoker	1,601 (23.1)	686 (30.3)
Exercise (%)			< 0.001
Above recommended PA	1,992 (28.8)	525 (23.2)
Below recommended PA	4,934 (71.2)	1,740 (76.8)
Workers (%)			< 0.001
DW	4,917 (71.0)	1,709 (75.5)
SW	2,009 (29.0)	556 (24.5)
DM (%)			0.065
Yes	508 (7.3)	140 (6.2)
No	6,418 (92.7)	2,125 (93.8)

Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants

Variables

Worker without MetS (n = 6,926)

Worker with MetS (n = 2,265)

P value

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DW: daytime worker; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; PA: physical activity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SW: shift worker; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.

Age (years)

41.0 ± 9.9

45.9 ± 8.9

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.3 ± 2.6

27.2 ± 3.3

< 0.001

WC (cm)

83.0 ± 6.8

91.2 ± 8.0

< 0.001

SBP (mm Hg)

120.9 ± 10.7

128.6 ± 11.5

< 0.001

DBP (mm Hg)

77.1 ± 8.7

82.0 ± 9.1

< 0.001

WBC (/µL)

5,940 ± 1,464

6,333 ± 1,539

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

25.6 ± 17.7

30.9 ± 19.7

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

27.7 ± 19.5

41.2 ± 31.5

< 0.001

GGT (U/L)

33.0 ± 30.3

53.6 ± 50.6

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

95.2 ± 12.4

109.4 ± 24.0

< 0.001

T-Chol (mg/dL)

202.5 ± 35.1

203.7 ± 41.9

0.235

HDL-C (mg/dL)

55.7 ± 11.9

46.2 ± 10.2

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

126.6 ± 32.2

122.3 ± 37.7

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

117.0 ± 73.5

213.8 ± 167.4

< 0.001

UA (mg/dL)

6.2 ± 1.3

6.5 ± 1.4

< 0.001

Cr (mg/dL)

0.95 ± 0.14

0.97 ± 0.17

0.003

MS (n)

0.9 ± 0.8

3.5 ± 0.7

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption (%)

< 0.001

≥ Twice a week

1,219 (17.6)

515 (22.7)

≤ Once a week

5,707 (82.4)

1,750 (77.3)

Smoking status (%)

< 0.001

Non-smoker

3,258 (47.0)

743 (32.8)

Former smoker

2,067 (29.8)

836 (36.9)

Current smoker

1,601 (23.1)

686 (30.3)

Exercise (%)

< 0.001

Above recommended PA

1,992 (28.8)

525 (23.2)

Below recommended PA

4,934 (71.2)

1,740 (76.8)

Workers (%)

< 0.001

4,917 (71.0)

1,709 (75.5)

2,009 (29.0)

556 (24.5)

DM (%)

0.065

Yes

508 (7.3)

140 (6.2)

6,418 (92.7)

2,125 (93.8)

**Table 2.** Characteristics of Daytime Workers and Shift Workers
Variables	DW (n = 6,626)	SW (n = 2,565)	P value
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DW: daytime worker; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; PA: physical activity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SW: shift worker; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.
Age (years)	43.5 ± 9.6	38.7 ± 9.7	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.9 ± 3.1	25.2 ± 3.2	< 0.001
WC (cm)	85.2 ± 7.8	84.5 ± 8.2	0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	122.6 ± 11.1	123.3 ± 11.9	0.004
DBP (mm Hg)	77.8 ± 9.0	76.9 ± 9.5	< 0.001
WBC (/µL)	5,940 ± 1,464	6,333 ± 1,539	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	26.9 ± 18.9	26.7 ± 16.7	0.634
ALT (U/L)	31.0 ± 23.9	30.9 ± 23.3	0.760
FPG (mg/dL)	99.0 ± 17.7	97.6 ± 15.4	< 0.001
T-Chol (mg/dL)	203.8 ± 37.6	200.1 ± 35.0	< 0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	53.1 ± 12.2	53.8 ± 11.8	0.017
LDL-C (mg/dL)	126.2 ± 34.1	123.8 ± 32.3	0.002
TG (mg/dL)	140.7 ± 112.3	141.2 ± 113.7	0.820
UA (mg/dL)	6.25 ± 1.30	6.41 ± 1.30	< 0.001
Cr (mg/dL)	0.96 ± 0.15	0.92 ± 0.13	< 0.001
MS (n)	1.6 ± 1.3	1.4 ± 1.3	< 0.001
Alcohol consumption (%)			< 0.001
≥ Twice a week	1,371 (20.7)	363 (14.2)
≤ Once a week	5,255 (79.3)	2,202 (85.8)
Smoking status (%)			< 0.001
Non-smoker	2,846 (43.0)	1,155 (45.0)
Former smoker	2,214 (33.4)	689 (26.9)
Current smoker	1,566 (23.6)	721 (28.1)
Exercise (%)			0.002
Above recommended activity	1,756 (26.5)	761 (29.7)
Below recommended activity	4,870 (73.5)	1,804 (70.3)
MetS (%)			0.001
Yes	1,709 (25.8)	556 (21.7)
No	4,917 (74.2)	2,009 (78.3)

Table 2. Characteristics of Daytime Workers and Shift Workers

Variables

DW (n = 6,626)

SW (n = 2,565)

P value

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DW: daytime worker; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; PA: physical activity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SW: shift worker; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.

Age (years)

43.5 ± 9.6

38.7 ± 9.7

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.9 ± 3.1

25.2 ± 3.2

< 0.001

WC (cm)

85.2 ± 7.8

84.5 ± 8.2

0.001

SBP (mm Hg)

122.6 ± 11.1

123.3 ± 11.9

0.004

DBP (mm Hg)

77.8 ± 9.0

76.9 ± 9.5

< 0.001

WBC (/µL)

5,940 ± 1,464

6,333 ± 1,539

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

26.9 ± 18.9

26.7 ± 16.7

0.634

ALT (U/L)

31.0 ± 23.9

30.9 ± 23.3

0.760

FPG (mg/dL)

99.0 ± 17.7

97.6 ± 15.4

< 0.001

T-Chol (mg/dL)

203.8 ± 37.6

200.1 ± 35.0

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

53.1 ± 12.2

53.8 ± 11.8

0.017

LDL-C (mg/dL)

126.2 ± 34.1

123.8 ± 32.3

0.002

TG (mg/dL)

140.7 ± 112.3

141.2 ± 113.7

0.820

UA (mg/dL)

6.25 ± 1.30

6.41 ± 1.30

< 0.001

Cr (mg/dL)

0.96 ± 0.15

0.92 ± 0.13

< 0.001

MS (n)

1.6 ± 1.3

1.4 ± 1.3

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption (%)

< 0.001

≥ Twice a week

1,371 (20.7)

363 (14.2)

≤ Once a week

5,255 (79.3)

2,202 (85.8)

Smoking status (%)

< 0.001

Non-smoker

2,846 (43.0)

1,155 (45.0)

Former smoker

2,214 (33.4)

689 (26.9)

Current smoker

1,566 (23.6)

721 (28.1)

Exercise (%)

0.002

Above recommended activity

1,756 (26.5)

761 (29.7)

Below recommended activity

4,870 (73.5)

1,804 (70.3)

MetS (%)

0.001

Yes

1,709 (25.8)

556 (21.7)

4,917 (74.2)

2,009 (78.3)

**Table 3.** Correlation Analyses Between Serum Uric Acid and Variables
Variables	Serum UA levels
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MS: metabolic components; SBP: systolic blood pressure; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.
Age (years)	-0.167	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	0.223	< 0.001
WC (cm)	0.203	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	0.092	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	0.075	< 0.001
WBC (/µL)	0.090	< 0.001
GOT (U/L)	0.089	< 0.001
GPT (U/L)	0.157	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	0.108	< 0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	-0.050	< 0.001
T-Chol (mg/dL)	0.139	< 0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	-0.151	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	0.141	< 0.001
TG (mg/dL)	0.127	< 0.001
Cr (mg/dL)	0.152	< 0.001
MS (n)	0.133	< 0.001

Table 3. Correlation Analyses Between Serum Uric Acid and Variables

Variables

Serum UA levels

P value

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MS: metabolic components; SBP: systolic blood pressure; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.

Age (years)

-0.167

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

0.223

< 0.001

WC (cm)

0.203

< 0.001

SBP (mm Hg)

0.092

< 0.001

DBP (mm Hg)

0.075

< 0.001

WBC (/µL)

0.090

< 0.001

GOT (U/L)

0.089

< 0.001

GPT (U/L)

0.157

< 0.001

GGT (U/L)

0.108

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

-0.050

< 0.001

T-Chol (mg/dL)

0.139

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

-0.151

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

0.141

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

0.127

< 0.001

Cr (mg/dL)

0.152

< 0.001

MS (n)

0.133

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Characteristics of Variables According to Serum Uric Acid Quartiles
Variables	Q1 (≤ 5.5 mg/dL)	Q2 (5.6 - 6.3 mg/dL)	Q3 (6.4 - 7.1 mg/dL)	Q4 (≥ 7.2 mg/dL)	P trend
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; PA: physical activity; Q: quartile; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SW: shift worker; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.
Number of patients	2,555	2,327	2,093	2,216
Age (years)	44.5 ± 9.9	42.4 ± 9.8	41.5 ± 9.9	40.1 ± 9.5	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.2 ± 3.0	24.7 ± 2.8	25.1 ± 2.8	26.1 ± 3.4	< 0.001
WC (cm)	83.3 ± 7.8	84.2 ± 7.3	85.3 ± 7.4	87.7 ± 8.5	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	121.6 ± 10.9	122.5 ± 11.4	122.8 ± 11.4	124.7 ± 11.7	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	76.8 ± 8.9	77.5 ± 9.2	77.2 ± 9.2	78.9 ± 9.2	< 0.001
WBC (/µL)	5,900 ± 1,574	5,979 ± 1,456	6,089 ± 1,471	6,261 ± 1,446	< 0.001
AST (U/L)	25.6 ± 15.3	25.9 ± 19.9	26.6 ± 13.3	29.8 ± 23.1	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)	27.4 ± 19.0	28.9 ± 20.0	31.3 ± 24.9	37.2 ± 29.4	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	34.0 ± 35.1	35.8 ± 36.0	37.8 ± 35.9	45.5 ± 41.6	< 0.001
FPG (mg/dL)	100.2 ± 21.9	98.1 ± 16.5	97.4 ± 14.4	98.6 ± 13.6	< 0.001
T-Chol (mg/dL)	197.0 ± 37.1	200.5 ± 35.5	204.7 ± 36.8	210.2 ± 36.9	< 0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	55.5 ± 13.0	54.1 ± 12.0	52.8 ± 11.6	50.6 ± 11.2	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	119.5 ± 33.3	124.1 ± 32.7	128.0 ± 33.8	131.8 ± 33.7	< 0.001
TG (mg/dL)	127.1 ± 125.9	131.9 ± 86.9	141.4 ± 95.8	165.7 ± 130.3	< 0.001
Cr (mg/dL)	0.93 ± 0.15	0.94 ± 0.14	0.96 ± 0.15	0.99 ± 0.16	< 0.001
MS (n)	1.40 ± 1.33	1.42 ± 1.29	1.54 ± 1.31	1.90 ± 1.36	< 0.001
MetS (%)	543 (21.3)	476 (20.4)	498 (23.8)	749 (33.8)	< 0.001
Current smoker (%)	598 (23.4)	600 (25.8)	528 (25.2)	561 (25.3)	0.013
Alcohol drinker (%)	474 (18.6)	421 (18.1)	403 (19.3)	436 (19.7)	0.526
Above recommended PA (%)	672 (26.3)	637 (27.4)	590 (28.2)	618 (27.9)	0.480
SW (%)	618 (24.2)	647 (27.8)	605 (28.9)	695 (31.3)	< 0.001
DM (%)	225 (8.8)	183 (7.9)	147 (7.0)	93 (4.2)	< 0.001

Table 4. Characteristics of Variables According to Serum Uric Acid Quartiles

Variables

Q1 (≤ 5.5 mg/dL)

Q2 (5.6 - 6.3 mg/dL)

Q3 (6.4 - 7.1 mg/dL)

Q4 (≥ 7.2 mg/dL)

P trend

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MS: metabolic components; PA: physical activity; Q: quartile; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SW: shift worker; T-Chol: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count; WC: waist circumference.

Number of patients

2,555

2,327

2,093

2,216

Age (years)

44.5 ± 9.9

42.4 ± 9.8

41.5 ± 9.9

40.1 ± 9.5

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.2 ± 3.0

24.7 ± 2.8

25.1 ± 2.8

26.1 ± 3.4

< 0.001

WC (cm)

83.3 ± 7.8

84.2 ± 7.3

85.3 ± 7.4

87.7 ± 8.5

< 0.001

SBP (mm Hg)

121.6 ± 10.9

122.5 ± 11.4

122.8 ± 11.4

124.7 ± 11.7

< 0.001

DBP (mm Hg)

76.8 ± 8.9

77.5 ± 9.2

77.2 ± 9.2

78.9 ± 9.2

< 0.001

WBC (/µL)

5,900 ± 1,574

5,979 ± 1,456

6,089 ± 1,471

6,261 ± 1,446

< 0.001

AST (U/L)

25.6 ± 15.3

25.9 ± 19.9

26.6 ± 13.3

29.8 ± 23.1

< 0.001

ALT (U/L)

27.4 ± 19.0

28.9 ± 20.0

31.3 ± 24.9

37.2 ± 29.4

< 0.001

GGT (U/L)

34.0 ± 35.1

35.8 ± 36.0

37.8 ± 35.9

45.5 ± 41.6

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

100.2 ± 21.9

98.1 ± 16.5

97.4 ± 14.4

98.6 ± 13.6

< 0.001

T-Chol (mg/dL)

197.0 ± 37.1

200.5 ± 35.5

204.7 ± 36.8

210.2 ± 36.9

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

55.5 ± 13.0

54.1 ± 12.0

52.8 ± 11.6

50.6 ± 11.2

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

119.5 ± 33.3

124.1 ± 32.7

128.0 ± 33.8

131.8 ± 33.7

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

127.1 ± 125.9

131.9 ± 86.9

141.4 ± 95.8

165.7 ± 130.3

< 0.001

Cr (mg/dL)

0.93 ± 0.15

0.94 ± 0.14

0.96 ± 0.15

0.99 ± 0.16

< 0.001

MS (n)

1.40 ± 1.33

1.42 ± 1.29

1.54 ± 1.31

1.90 ± 1.36

< 0.001

MetS (%)

543 (21.3)

476 (20.4)

498 (23.8)

749 (33.8)

< 0.001

Current smoker (%)

598 (23.4)

600 (25.8)

528 (25.2)

561 (25.3)

0.013

Alcohol drinker (%)

474 (18.6)

421 (18.1)

403 (19.3)

436 (19.7)

0.526

Above recommended PA (%)

672 (26.3)

637 (27.4)

590 (28.2)

618 (27.9)

0.480

SW (%)

618 (24.2)

647 (27.8)

605 (28.9)

695 (31.3)

< 0.001

DM (%)

225 (8.8)

183 (7.9)

147 (7.0)

93 (4.2)

< 0.001

**Table 5.** Odds Ratios of Metabolic Syndrome According to Serum Uric Acid Quartiles
	Serum UA levels
Model 1: crude odds ratios. Model 2: adjusted for age. Model 3: model 2 + WBC, ALT, AST, GGT. Model 4: model 3 + Cr. Model 5: model 4 + alcohol consumption, smoking status, exercise. Model 6: model 5 + BMI. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Q: quartile; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count.
Model 1	1.000
Exp(B)		0.953	1.157	1.888
Lower		0.830	1.008	1.659
Upper		1.094	1.328	2.149
P value		0.494	0.039	< 0.001
Model 2	1.000
Exp(B)		1.067	1.376	2.543
Lower		0.926	1.193	2.219
Upper		1.229	1.587	2.915
P value		0.372	< 0.001	< 0.001
Model 3	1.000
Exp(B)		0.983	1.167	1.886
Lower		0.847	1.004	1.631
Upper		1.141	1.357	2.180
P value		0.826	0.044	< 0.001
Model 4	1.000
Exp(B)		0.982	1.162	1.870
Lower		0.846	1.000	1.614
Upper		1.139	1.352	2.166
P value		0.807	0.051	< 0.001
Model 5	1.000
Exp(B)		0.981	1.158	1.858
Lower		0.845	0.995	1.604
Upper		1.139	1.347	2.153
P value		0.798	0.057	< 0.001
Model 6	1.000
Exp(B)		0.885	0.969	1.317
Lower		0.756	0.825	1.124
Upper		1.035	1.137	1.542
P value		0.127	0.696	0.001

Table 5. Odds Ratios of Metabolic Syndrome According to Serum Uric Acid Quartiles

Serum UA levels

Q1 (≤ 5.5 mg/dL)

Q2 (5.6 - 6.3 mg/dL)

Q3 (6.4 - 7.1 mg/dL)

Q4 (≥ 7.2 mg/dL)

Model 1: crude odds ratios. Model 2: adjusted for age. Model 3: model 2 + WBC, ALT, AST, GGT. Model 4: model 3 + Cr. Model 5: model 4 + alcohol consumption, smoking status, exercise. Model 6: model 5 + BMI. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Q: quartile; UA: uric acid; WBC: white blood cell count.

Model 1

1.000

Exp(B)

0.953

1.157

1.888

Lower

0.830

1.008

1.659

Upper

1.094

1.328

2.149

P value

0.494

0.039

< 0.001

Model 2

1.000

Exp(B)

1.067

1.376

2.543

Lower

0.926

1.193

2.219

Upper

1.229

1.587

2.915

P value

0.372

< 0.001

Model 3

1.000

Exp(B)

0.983

1.167

1.886

Lower

0.847

1.004

1.631

Upper

1.141

1.357

2.180

P value

0.826

0.044

< 0.001

Model 4

1.000

Exp(B)

0.982

1.162

1.870

Lower

0.846

1.000

1.614

Upper

1.139

1.352

2.166

P value

0.807

0.051

< 0.001

Model 5

1.000

Exp(B)

0.981

1.158

1.858

Lower

0.845

0.995

1.604

Upper

1.139

1.347

2.153

P value

0.798

0.057

< 0.001

Model 6

1.000

Exp(B)

0.885

0.969

1.317

Lower

0.756

0.825

1.124

Upper

1.035

1.137

1.542

P value

0.127

0.696

0.001

**Table 6.** Odds Ratios of Metabolic Syndrome Components Adjusted by Model 5 and Model 6 According to Serum Uric Acid Quartiles
	Serum UA levels (model 5)	Serum UA levels (model 6)
Model 5: adjusted by age, WBC, ALT, AST, GGT, Cr, alcohol consumption, smoking status, exercise. Model 6: model 5 + BMI. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; Cr: creatinine; WBC: white blood cell count; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Q: quartile; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WC: waist circumference.
High BP	1.000				1.000
Exp(B)		1.106	1.113	1.465		1.053	1.010	1.197
Lower		0.979	0.981	1.292		0.930	0.888	1.051
Upper		1.248	1.262	1.662		1.192	1.149	1.363
P value		0.105	0.096	< 0.001		0.416	0.876	0.007
High glucose	1.000				1.000
Exp(B)		1.024	0.999	1.331		0.998	0.949	1.191
Lower		0.906	0.878	1.170		0.881	0.834	1.045
Upper		1.159	1.135	1.514		1.129	1.080	1.358
P value		0.701	0.982	< 0.001		0.970	0.430	0.009
High WC	1.000				1.000
Exp(B)		1.050	1.411	2.016		0.832	1.041	1.107
Lower		0.904	1.217	1.746		0.695	0.869	0.926
Upper		1.220	1.637	2.329		0.996	1.247	1.324
P value		0.524	< 0.001	< 0.001		0.046	0.661	0.264
High TG	1.000				1.000
Exp(B)		1.069	1.301	1.899		1.030	1.218	1.649
Lower		0.939	1.139	1.664		0.904	1.065	1.441
Upper		1.216	1.485	2.168		1.174	1.393	1.888
P value		0.315	< 0.001	< 0.001		0.658	0.004	< 0.001
Low HDL-C	1.000				1.000
Exp(B)		1.056	1.104	1.343		1.021	1.034	1.163
Lower		0.904	0.941	1.147		0.873	0.880	0.989
Upper		1.233	1.295	1.573		1.194	1.215	1.366
P value		0.493	0.225	< 0.001		0.799	0.685	0.067

Table 6. Odds Ratios of Metabolic Syndrome Components Adjusted by Model 5 and Model 6 According to Serum Uric Acid Quartiles

Serum UA levels (model 5)

Serum UA levels (model 6)

Model 5: adjusted by age, WBC, ALT, AST, GGT, Cr, alcohol consumption, smoking status, exercise. Model 6: model 5 + BMI. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; Cr: creatinine; WBC: white blood cell count; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Q: quartile; TG: triglyceride; UA: uric acid; WC: waist circumference.

High BP

1.000

Exp(B)

1.106

1.113

1.465

1.053

1.010

1.197

Lower

0.979

0.981

1.292

0.930

0.888

1.051

Upper

1.248

1.262

1.662

1.192

1.149

1.363

P value

0.105

0.096

< 0.001

0.416

0.876

0.007

High glucose

1.000

Exp(B)

1.024

0.999

1.331

0.998

0.949

1.191

Lower

0.906

0.878

1.170

0.881

0.834

1.045

Upper

1.159

1.135

1.514

1.129

1.080

1.358

P value

0.701

0.982

< 0.001

0.970

0.430

0.009

High WC

1.000

Exp(B)

1.050

1.411

2.016

0.832

1.041

1.107

Lower

0.904

1.217

1.746

0.695

0.869

0.926

Upper

1.220

1.637

2.329

0.996

1.247

1.324

P value

0.524

< 0.001

0.046

0.661

0.264

High TG

1.000

Exp(B)

1.069

1.301

1.899

1.030

1.218

1.649

Lower

0.939

1.139

1.664

0.904

1.065

1.441

Upper

1.216

1.485

2.168

1.174

1.393

1.888

P value

0.315

< 0.001

0.658

0.004

< 0.001

Low HDL-C

1.000

Exp(B)

1.056

1.104

1.343

1.021

1.034

1.163

Lower

0.904

0.941

1.147

0.873

0.880

0.989

Upper

1.233

1.295

1.573

1.194

1.215

1.366

P value

0.493

0.225

< 0.001

0.799

0.685

0.067