J Endocrinol Metab

Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 3-4, August 2020, pages 79-88

The Effects of Teneligliptin on Lipid Profile: A Prospective Study for Comparison of Biomarkers Before and After a Meal

Figure 1. Change in apoB-48. Data are first, second, third quartile. *P < 0.05 Wilcoxon signed-rank test. apoB-48: apolipoprotein B-48.

Figure 2. (a) Change in blood sugar. Data are mean ± SD. †P < 0.05 paired t-test. (b) Change in insulin. Data are mean ± SD. No significance for paired t-test. SD: standard deviation.

Figure 3. Change in HbA1c. Data are mean ± SD. †P < 0.05 paired t-test. SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

**Table 1.** Participants’ Demographic and Other Background Information
Data are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose linked transporter-2; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.
N	31
Age (years)	55.2 ± 7.0
Gender	Male/female: 27 (87.1%)/4 (12.9%)
Height (cm)	167.9 ± 6.6
Weight (kg)	72.3 ± 11.9
BMI (kg/m²)	25.5 ± 3.2
Duration of disease (years)	7.3 ± 4.1
HbA1c (%)	8.26 ± 1.25
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy	4 (12.9%)
Simple retinopathy	2 (6.5%)
Advanced proliferative retinopathy	2 (6.5%)
Renal stage	1/2/3: 27 (87.1%)/3 (9.7%)/1 (3.2%)
Antidiabetic agent
Sulfonylurea	0 (0%)
Biguanide	7 (22.6%)
Thiazolidine	0 (0%)
α-glucosidase inhibitors	2 (6.5%)
SGLT-2-inhibitors	0 (0%)
GLP-1-agonist	0 (0%)
Insulin	0 (0%)
Antidyslipidemic drug
Statin	12 (38.7%)
Ezetimibe	1 (3.2%)
Fibrate	0 (0%)
Eicosapentaenoic acid	0 (0%)

Table 1. Participants’ Demographic and Other Background Information

Data are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose linked transporter-2; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.

Age (years)

55.2 ± 7.0

Gender

Male/female: 27 (87.1%)/4 (12.9%)

Height (cm)

167.9 ± 6.6

Weight (kg)

72.3 ± 11.9

BMI (kg/m²)

25.5 ± 3.2

Duration of disease (years)

7.3 ± 4.1

HbA1c (%)

8.26 ± 1.25

Diabetic retinopathy

4 (12.9%)

Simple retinopathy

2 (6.5%)

Advanced proliferative retinopathy

2 (6.5%)

Renal stage

1/2/3: 27 (87.1%)/3 (9.7%)/1 (3.2%)

Antidiabetic agent

Sulfonylurea

0 (0%)

Biguanide

7 (22.6%)

Thiazolidine

0 (0%)

α-glucosidase inhibitors

2 (6.5%)

SGLT-2-inhibitors

0 (0%)

GLP-1-agonist

0 (0%)

Insulin

0 (0%)

Antidyslipidemic drug

Statin

12 (38.7%)

Ezetimibe

1 (3.2%)

Fibrate

0 (0%)

Eicosapentaenoic acid

0 (0%)

**Table 2.** Change in Biomarkers Before and After a Meal (N = 31)
	0 months	6 months	P
Data are median (first quartile, third quartile). *P < 0.05 Wilcoxon signed-rank test. iAUC: incremental area under the curve; tAUC: total area under the curve; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-FC: low-density lipoprotein free cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.
TC
0 min (mg/dL)	198.0 (179.5, 222.0)	187.0 (171.5, 206.0)	0.245
120 min (mg/dL)	183.0 (170, 204.5)	180.0 (162.0, 198.0)	0.91
iAUC (mg·h/dL)	-11.0 (-15.5, -7.0)	-8 (-13.0, -4.0)	0.003*
tAUC (mg·h/dL)	380.0 (347.0, 422.5)	366 (328.0, 404.5)	0.487
HDL-C
0 min (mg/dL)	55.0 (44.5, 64.0)	51.0 (44.0, 60.5)	0.009*
120 min (mg/dL)	51.0 (41.0, 59.5)	49.0 (42.0, 58.5)	0.072
iAUC (mg·h/dL)	-3.0 (-4.0, -2.0)	-2.0 (-3.0, -1.0)	0.023*
tAUC (mg·h/dL)	105.0 (85.5, 124.0)	100 (85.5, 117.5)	0.024*
LDL-C
0 min (mg/dL)	120.0 (99.5, 136.0)	110.0 (100.5, 127.5)	0.629
120 min (mg/dL)	112.0 (91.5, 125.5)	105.0 (94.5, 125.0)	0.705
iAUC (mg·h/dL)	-7.0 (-10.5, -4.5)	-5.0 (-7, -3.5)	0.004*
tAUC (mg·h/dL)	236.0 (191.5, 262.5)	214 (194.5, 253.5)	0.984
LDL-FC
0 min (mg/dL)	116.7 (94.8, 136.5)	113.7 (98.9, 125.8)	0.422
120 min (mg/dL)	106.6 (82.8, 122.2)	98.8 (83.4, 116.8)	0.393
iAUC (mg·h/dL)	-12.3 (-16.4, -7.1)	-10.6 (-16.2, -7.6)	0.586
tAUC (mg·h/dL)	222.2 (179.8, 257.5)	213.4 (181.3, 237.3)	0.678
TG
0 min (mg/dL)	101.0 (75.5, 161.0)	115.0 (82.5, 167.0)	0.164
120 min (mg/dL)	142.0 (107.5, 169.5)	138.0 (106.5, 214.5)	0.236
iAUC (mg·h/dL)	12.0 (0.5, 35.0)	11.0 (3.5, 44.0)	0.168
tAUC (mg·h/dL)	226.0 (186.5, 325.0)	254 (191.0, 372.0)	0.153

Table 2. Change in Biomarkers Before and After a Meal (N = 31)

0 months

6 months

Data are median (first quartile, third quartile). *P < 0.05 Wilcoxon signed-rank test. iAUC: incremental area under the curve; tAUC: total area under the curve; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-FC: low-density lipoprotein free cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.

0 min (mg/dL)

198.0 (179.5, 222.0)

187.0 (171.5, 206.0)

0.245

120 min (mg/dL)

183.0 (170, 204.5)

180.0 (162.0, 198.0)

0.91

iAUC (mg·h/dL)

-11.0 (-15.5, -7.0)

-8 (-13.0, -4.0)

0.003*

tAUC (mg·h/dL)

380.0 (347.0, 422.5)

366 (328.0, 404.5)

0.487

HDL-C

0 min (mg/dL)

55.0 (44.5, 64.0)

51.0 (44.0, 60.5)

0.009*

120 min (mg/dL)

51.0 (41.0, 59.5)

49.0 (42.0, 58.5)

0.072

iAUC (mg·h/dL)

-3.0 (-4.0, -2.0)

-2.0 (-3.0, -1.0)

0.023*

tAUC (mg·h/dL)

105.0 (85.5, 124.0)

100 (85.5, 117.5)

0.024*

LDL-C

0 min (mg/dL)

120.0 (99.5, 136.0)

110.0 (100.5, 127.5)

0.629

120 min (mg/dL)

112.0 (91.5, 125.5)

105.0 (94.5, 125.0)

0.705

iAUC (mg·h/dL)

-7.0 (-10.5, -4.5)

-5.0 (-7, -3.5)

0.004*

tAUC (mg·h/dL)

236.0 (191.5, 262.5)

214 (194.5, 253.5)

0.984

LDL-FC

0 min (mg/dL)

116.7 (94.8, 136.5)

113.7 (98.9, 125.8)

0.422

120 min (mg/dL)

106.6 (82.8, 122.2)

98.8 (83.4, 116.8)

0.393

iAUC (mg·h/dL)

-12.3 (-16.4, -7.1)

-10.6 (-16.2, -7.6)

0.586

tAUC (mg·h/dL)

222.2 (179.8, 257.5)

213.4 (181.3, 237.3)

0.678

0 min (mg/dL)

101.0 (75.5, 161.0)

115.0 (82.5, 167.0)

0.164

120 min (mg/dL)

142.0 (107.5, 169.5)

138.0 (106.5, 214.5)

0.236

iAUC (mg·h/dL)

12.0 (0.5, 35.0)

11.0 (3.5, 44.0)

0.168

tAUC (mg·h/dL)

226.0 (186.5, 325.0)

254 (191.0, 372.0)

0.153

**Table 3.** Factors Affecting the tAUC Change for ApoB-48 (N = 31)
Item	Model 1	Model 2
The values of explanatory variables are baseline values. Model 1: The case where all explanatory variables were adopted. Model 2: The case with the stepwise method using the Akaike information criterion as a sensitivity analysis. apoB-48: apolipoprotein B; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AUC: area under the curve; tAUC: total area under the curve. *P < 0.05 multiple regression analysis.
Age	0.047	0.010	0.021	0.633
Gender (male)	0.195	0.900	0.377	0.027*	0.196	0.902	0.307	0.007*
Duration of disease	-0.116	-0.044	0.033	0.203
Statin	-0.046	-0.147	0.316	0.648
ApoB-48 (AUC)	-0.959	-0.594	0.045	< 0.001*	-0.958	-0.593	0.040	< 0.001*
HbA1c	-0.017	-0.021	0.167	0.900
BMI	-0.045	-0.022	0.041	0.593
Fasting blood sugar	0.118	0.005	0.006	0.402	0.107	0.005	0.003	0.124
Fasting insulin	0.089	0.042	0.037	0.271
LDL-C	-0.103	-0.006	0.005	0.265

Table 3. Factors Affecting the tAUC Change for ApoB-48 (N = 31)

Item

Model 1

Model 2

Standard partial regression coefficient

Partial regression coefficient

Standard error

Standard partial regression coefficient

Partial regression coefficient

Standard error

The values of explanatory variables are baseline values. Model 1: The case where all explanatory variables were adopted. Model 2: The case with the stepwise method using the Akaike information criterion as a sensitivity analysis. apoB-48: apolipoprotein B; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AUC: area under the curve; tAUC: total area under the curve. *P < 0.05 multiple regression analysis.

Age

0.047

0.010

0.021

0.633

Gender (male)

0.195

0.900

0.377

0.027*

0.196

0.902

0.307

0.007*

Duration of disease

-0.116

-0.044

0.033

0.203

Statin

-0.046

-0.147

0.316

0.648

ApoB-48 (AUC)

-0.959

-0.594

0.045

< 0.001*

-0.958

-0.593

0.040

< 0.001*

HbA1c

-0.017

-0.021

0.167

0.900

BMI

-0.045

-0.022

0.041

0.593

Fasting blood sugar

0.118

0.005

0.006

0.402

0.107

0.005

0.003

0.124

Fasting insulin

0.089

0.042

0.037

0.271

LDL-C

-0.103

-0.006

0.005

0.265