Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access |
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc |
Journal website http://www.jofem.org |
Original Article
Volume 10, Number 2, April 2020, pages 36-44
Effects of Policosanol in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Six-Month Study
Tables
Policosanol (n = 50) | Placebo (n = 50) | Total (n = 100) | |
---|---|---|---|
The table included concomitant medications consumed by ≥ 2 patients. All comparisons were not significant (Student’s t-test, χ2 test). SD: standard deviation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. | |||
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 51 ± 8 | 50 ± 9 | 51 ± 9 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) | 30.8 ± 4.8 | 30.0 ± 4.7 | 30.4 ± 4.7 |
Waist/hip index (cm) (mean ± SD) | 0.98 ± 0.1 | 0.98 ± 0.1 | 0.98 ± 0.1 |
Gender (n, %) | |||
Male | 41 (82.0) | 40 (80.0) | 81 (81.0) |
Female | 9 (18.0) | 10 (20.0) | 19 (19.0) |
Personal history (n, (%)) | |||
Dyslipidemia | 48 (96.0) | 50 (100.0) | 98 (98.0) |
Arterial hypertension | 47 (94.0) | 48 (96.0) | 95 (95.0) |
Obesity (kg/m2 ≥ 30) | 24 (48.0) | 26 (52.0) | 50 (50.0) |
Overweight (kg/m2 ≥ 25, < 30) | 24 (48.0) | 19 (38.0) | 43 (43.0) |
Smoking | 11 (22.0) | 12 (24.0) | 23 (23.0) |
Diabetes mellitus | 7 (14.0) | 10 (20.0) | 17 (17.0) |
Thyroid disorder | 3 (6.0) | 3 (6.0) | 6 (6.0) |
Family history (n, (%)) | |||
Coronary disease | 32 (64.0) | 28 (56.0) | 60 (60.0) |
Diabetes mellitus | 21 (42.0) | 24 (48.0) | 45 (45.0) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 15 (30.0) | 19 (38.0) | 34 (34.0) |
Peripheral disease | 2 (4.0) | 5 (10.0) | 7 (7.0) |
Concomitant medications (CM) (n, (%)) | |||
Patients consuming CM | 47 (94.0) | 47 (94.0) | 94 (94.0) |
ACEI | 36 (72.0) | 31 (62.0) | 67 (67.0) |
Diuretics | 16 (32.0) | 16 (32.0) | 32 (32.0) |
Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 8 (16.0) | 7 (14.0) | 15 (15.0) |
Calcium antagonists | 4 (8.0) | 11 (22.0) | 15 (15.0) |
β-blockers | 4 (8.0) | 6 (12.0) | 10 (10.0) |
Anti-platelets | 5 (10.0) | 3 (6.0) | 8 (8.0) |
Anti-gout | 5 (10.0) | 3 (6.0) | 8 (8.0) |
Analgesics | 5 (10.0) | 3 (6.0) | 8 (8.0) |
Thyroid hormones | 3 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | 4 (4.0) |
Anti-ulcer | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (2.0) |
Treatment | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | Changes (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
aP < 0.05, comparison with placebo (Student’s t-test for independent samples). bP < 0.01, comparison with baseline (Student’s t-test for paired samples). SD: standard deviation. | ||||
Redox index | ||||
Policosanol | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.9a, b | -17.6a |
Placebo | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | - 2.9 |
Malondialdehyde (µM) | ||||
Policosanol | 11.3 ± 5.5 | 10.6 ± 4.4 | 10.4 ± 5.1 | -8.0 |
Placebo | 11.8 ± 6.1 | 12.0 ± 5.2 | 11.7 ± 5.8 | -0.8 |
Total organoperoxides (µM) | ||||
Policosanol | 172.3 ± 55.6 | 161.7 ± 45.0 | 158.2 ± 44.4 | -8.2 |
Placebo | 172.0 ± 63.9 | 158.6 ± 31.0 | 157.4 ± 37.8 | -8.4 |
Advanced protein oxidation products (µM chloramine) | ||||
Policosanol | 29.5 ± 32.4 | 28.1 ± 32.3 | 28.9 ± 45.3 | -2.0 |
Placebo | 26.2 ± 17.4 | 24.5 ± 13.1 | 26.1 ± 16.9 | -0.4 |
Superoxide dismutase (U/L/min) | ||||
Policosanol | 6.2 ± 3.4 | 6.6 ± 3.1 | 6.4 ± 3.8 | +3.2 |
Placebo | 6.8 ± 2.9 | 6.7 ± 4.0 | 6.8 ± 3.7 | 0.0 |
Catalase (U/L/min) | ||||
Policosanol | 169.3 ± 49.2 | 163.2 ± 53.1 | 173.8 ± 28.7 | +2.7 |
Placebo | 159.7 ± 39.3 | 160.3 ± 35.3 | 160.5 ± 30.7 | +0.5 |
Treatment | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | Changes (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
aP < 0.05, comparison with baseline (Student’s t-test for paired samples); bP < 0.05, comparison with placebo (Student’s t-test for independent samples). LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD: standard deviation. | ||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||
Policosanol | 5.86 ± 0.9 | 5.26 ± 0.9a | 5.24 ± 0.8a, b | -10.6b |
Placebo | 5.99 ± 1.3 | 5.67 ± 1.1 | 5.82 ± 1.2 | - 2.8 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||
Policosanol | 4.27 ± 1.2 | 4.12 ± 1.1 | 3.68 ± 1.2a, b | -13.8b |
Placebo | 4.35 ± 1.5 | 4.28 ± 1.3 | 4.24 ± 1.2 | - 2.5 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||
Policosanol | 1.03 ± 0.3 | 1.08 ± 0.2 | 1.12 ± 0.5a, b | +8.7b |
Placebo | 1.10 ± 0.5 | 1.11 ± 0.5 | 1.05 ± 0.3 | -4.5 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||||
Policosanol | 3.06 ± 1.6 | 2.89 ± 1.4 | 3.00 ± 1.5 | -2.0 |
Placebo | 3.01 ± 1.8 | 3.02 ± 1.6 | 3.02 ± 1.9 | +0.3 |
Treatment | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months |
---|---|---|---|
aP < 0.05, comparison with baseline (Student’s t-test for paired samples). bP = 0.052, cP < 0.01, comparison with placebo (Student’s t-test for independent samples). Apo: apolipoprotein; SD: standard deviation. | |||
Alanine amino transferase (U/L) | |||
Policosanol | 32.3 ± 17.4 | 26.8 ± 10.9 | 27.2 ± 11.5 |
Placebo | 30.6 ± 18.2 | 27.1 ± 14.5 | 26.7 ± 14.4 |
Aspartate amino transferase (U/L) | |||
Policosanol | 28.7 ± 12.1 | 26.3 ± 9.9 | 26.1 ± 10.1 |
Placebo | 27.6 ± 10.0 | 25.11 ± 9.7 | 26.0 ± 10.9 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | |||
Policosanol | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.6 |
Placebo | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.3 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | |||
Policosanol | 102.7 ± 15.9 | 103.5 ± 19.9 | 102.0 ± 19.0 |
Placebo | 102.4 ± 18.0 | 102.0 ± 15.8 | 103.2 ± 21.2 |
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | |||
Policosanol | 170.8 ± 36.8 | 177.3 ± 42.2 | 169.9 ± 40.5 |
Placebo | 174.2 ± 40.7 | 173.1 ± 46.0 | 175.9 ± 44.8 |
Total proteins (g/L) | |||
Policosanol | 74.4 ± 6.6 | 72.3 ± 6.3 | 72.0 ± 7.3 |
Placebo | 75.5 ± 5.4 | 74.1 ± 6.6 | 73.0 ± 7.0 |
Albumin (g/L) | |||
Policosanol | 47.1 ± 3.4 | 46.5 ± 3.4 | 46.1 ± 3.6 |
Placebo | 48.5 ± 3.8 | 46.8 ± 3.7 | 46.8 ± 3.5 |
Uric acid (µmol/L) | |||
Policosanol | 442.1 ± 91.1 | 443.3 ± 105.3 | 443.4 ± 91.9 |
Placebo | 441.7 ± 87.6 | 445.3 ± 93.9 | 461.0 ± 108.7 |
Urea (mmol/L) | |||
Policosanol | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 1.2 |
Placebo | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.4 |
Apo A (g/L) | |||
Policosanol | 2.24 ± 0.6 | 1.89 ± 0.6 | 1.95 ± 0.5 |
Placebo | 2.18 ± 0.7 | 1.93 ± 0.7 | 1.98 ± 0.7 |
Apo B (g/L) | |||
Policosanol | 1.63 ± 0.5 | 1.45 ± 0.5b | 1.40 ± 0.4a, c |
Placebo | 1.73 ± 0.5 | 1.66 ± 0.6 | 1.72 ± 0.6 |