Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access |
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc |
Journal website http://www.jofem.org |
Original Article
Volume 3, Number 3, June 2013, pages 47-56
Vitamin D Levels in Overweight/Obese Adults With and Without Metabolic Syndrome
Tables
Parameters | OwithMS (a) | OwithoutMS (b) | Healthy (c) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
NV = normal value; WC = waist circumference.* One way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD as a post-comparison test.**Chi square test.*** Analysis of covariance with Tukey’s HSD as a post-comparison test, adjusted for age, sex and season. | ||||
Age (years)* | 46.3 ± 10.4 | 43.4 ± 11.2 | 42.6 ± 12.1 | P = 0.082 |
Gender** Female Male | 62 (66%) 32 (34%) | 84 (70%) 36 (30%) | 45 (61.6%) 28 (38.4%) | P = 0.401 |
BMI (kg/m2)* | 34.3 ± 5.6 | 31.7 ± 5.0 | 22.5 ± 2 | P = 0.001, a = b > c |
WC* (cm) | 110.8 ± 13.1 | 102.8 ± 11.3 | 84.6 ± 11 | P = 0 .001, a > b > c |
Fasting plasma glucose (NV*: 65 - 100 mg/dl) | 115.5 ± 38.2 | 98.5 ± 16 | 98.4 ± 13.7 | 0.001 a > b = c |
Insulin (µU/mL) (NV: 2.6 - 24.9 µU/mL) | 13.9 ± 6.0 | 11.1 ± 5.7 | 8.6 ± 5.2 | 0.001 a > b > c |
HOMA index (NV: < 2.7) | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 0.001 a > b = c |
Total cholesterol (NV: 50 - 200mg/dL) | 212 ± 37.0 | 199 ± 44.8 | 198 ± 34.8 | 0.102 |
HDL-cholesterol (NV: 29 - 89 mg/dL) | 41.4 ± 10.1 | 48.9 ± 12.8 | 49.9 ± 10.4 | 0.001 a < b = c |
LDL-cholesterol (NV: 0 - 130 mg/dL) | 135.0 ± 32.9 | 127.0 ± 47.6 | 125.0 ± 31.1 | 0.239 |
Triglycerides (NV: 50 - 200 mg/dL) | 162.5 ± 77.2 | 118.2 ± 58.1 | 111.6 ± 63.8 | 0.001 a > b = c |
Calcium (NV:8.6 - 10.0 mg/dl) | 9.2 ± 0.47 | 9.3 ± 0.41 | 9.3 ± 0.48 | 0.770 a = b = c |
Parathyroid hormone (NV:4.7 - 114 pg/ml) | 71.4 ± 31 | 64.5 ± 26.5 | 61.5 ± 27 | 0.157 a = b = c |
25 (OH) Vitamin D***(ng/dl) | 16.8 ± 7.3 | 18.3 ± 8.6 | 21.2 ± 8.9 | 0.001 a = b < c |
Parameters | OwithMS (n = 94) (%) | OwithoutMS (n = 120) (%) | Healthy (n = 73) (%) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | P = 0.418 | |||
18 - 29 | 7.4 | 10.8 | 19.2 | |
30 - 49 | 53.2 | 55.0 | 49.3 | |
50 - 64 | 37.2 | 32.5 | 30.1 | |
≥ 65 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Gender | P = 0.401 | |||
Female | 66 | 70 | 61.6 | |
Male | 34 | 30 | 38.4 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | P = 0.001 | |||
< 24.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | |
25 - 29.9 | 20.2 | 43.3 | 0.0 | |
≥ 30 | 79.8 | 56.7 | 0.0 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Season | 0.181 | |||
Summer | 29.8 | 22.5 | 17.8 | |
Winter | 70.2 | 77.5 | 82.2 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
25(OH)Vitamin D level (ng/mL) | OwithMS (N = 94) | OwithoutMS (N = 120) | Healthy (N = 73) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*p = 0.006, chi square test. | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
< 20 | 68 | 72.3 | 83 | 69.2 | 36 | 49.3 |
20 - 30 | 21 | 22.3 | 21 | 17.5 | 25 | 34.3 |
≥ 30 | 5 | 5.3 | 16 | 13.3 | 12 | 16.4 |
Total | 94 | 100.0 | 120 | 100.0 | 73 | 100.0 |
Pearson’s r | P value | |
---|---|---|
HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assesment of Insulin Resistance. | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | -0.159 | 0.007 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | -0.026 | 0.655 |
HOMA-IR | -0.001 | 0.982 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | -0,149 | 0.012 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | -0.005 | 0.932 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | + 0.065 | 0.276 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | -0.044 | 0.461 |
Waist circumference (cm) | -0.036 | 0.539 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | -0.043 | 0.465 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | -0.049 | 0.406 |
Vitamin D level (ng/mL) | P value*** | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
< 20 (%) | 20 – 30 (%) | ≥ 30 (%) | ||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. *** Chi-square test. ‡Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, season. §§Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, season, and other components of the metabolic syndrome except for the dependent variables. | ||||
Metabolic syndrome | ||||
Present (n = 94) | 65.4 | 45.7 | 29.4 | 0.005 |
Absent (Healthy, n = 73) | 34.6 | 54.3 | 70.6 | |
Total (n = 167) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
Model 1‡ | 6.13 (1.83 - 20.47)** | 2.45 (0.69 - 8.68) | 1 | |
Metabolic syndrome | ||||
Present (OwithMS, n = 94) | 45.0 | 50.0 | 23.8 | 0.125 |
Absent (OwithoutMS, n = 120) | 55.0 | 50.0 | 76.2 | |
Total (n = 214) | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 2.62 (0.91 - 7.52) P = 0.073 | 3.20 (0.99 - 10.33) P = 0.052 | 1 | |
Components of the metabolic syndrome | ||||
Abdominal obesity ( ≥ 94 cm for men, ≥ 80cm for women) | ||||
Present (n = 246) | 87.2 | 83.6 | 81.8 | 0.613 |
Absent (n = 41) | 12.8% | 16.4% | 18.2 | |
Total (n = 287) | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 1.46 (0.49 - 4.33) | 1.42 (0.42 - 4.74) | 1 | |
Model 2§§ | 1.17 (0.36 - 3.73) | 0.97 (0.27 - 3.50) | 1 | |
Hypertriglyceridemia ( ≥ 150 mg/dl) | ||||
Present (n = 92) | 34.8 | 31.3 | 18.2 | 0.169 |
Absent (n = 195) | 65.2 | 68.7 | 81.8 | |
Total (n = 287) | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 2.67 (1.02 - 6.98)* | 2.11 (0.74 - 5.99) | 1 | |
Model 2§§ | 2.42 (0.88 - 6.63) | 1.62 (0.54 - 4.87) | 1 | |
Low HDL cholesterol ( < 40 mg/dl for men, < 50 mg/dl for women) | ||||
Present (n = 145) | 50.3 | 56.7 | 39.4 | 0.263 |
Absent (n = 142) | 49.7 | 43.3 | 60.6 | |
Total (n = 287) | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 1.46 (0.66 - 3.23) | 2.18 (0.90 - 5.26) | 1 | |
Model 2§§ | 1.20 (0.52 - 2.75) | 1.99 (0.79 - 4.96) | 1 | |
Hypertension ( ≥ 130/85 mm Hg) | ||||
Present (n = 107) | 38.5 | 35.8 | 33.3 | 0.819 |
Absent (n = 180) | 61.5 | 64.2 | 66.7 | |
Total n=287 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 1.27 (0.56 - 2.91) | 1.17 (0.46 - 2.95) | 1 | |
Model 2§§ | 1.19 (0.49 - 2,89) | 0.96 (0.35 - 2.59) | 1 | |
Hyperglycemia (FPG ≥ 100mg/dl) | ||||
Present n = 58 | 18.7 | 25.4 | 18.2 | 0.484 |
Absent n = 229 | 81.3 | 74.6 | 81.8 | |
Total n = 287 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 1.06 (0.40 - 2.80) | 1.50 (0.50 - 4.47) | 1 | |
Model 2§§ | 0.97 (0.36 - 2.64) | 1.50 (0.50 - 4.47) | 1 |
Vitamin D level ng/mL | P*** | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
< 20 | 20 - 30 | ≥ 30 | ||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. *** chi square test. ‡Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, season. §Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, season, and components of the metabolic syndrome. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assesment of Insulin Resistance. | ||||
BMI level (kg/m2) | ||||
Healthy controls (< 25) n = 73 | 19.3 | 37.3 | 36.4 | 0.010 |
Overweight (25 - 29.9) n = 71 | 24.6 | 22.4 | 30.3 | |
Obese (≥ 30) n = 143 | 56.1 | 40.3 | 33.3 | |
Total (n = 287) | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Overweight | 1 | |||
Model 1‡ | 1.53 (0.59 - 3.94) | 0.72 (0.25 - 2.06) | 1 | |
Model 2§ | 2.07 (0.66 - 6.44) | 0.68 (0.20 - 2.31) | 1 | |
Obesity | ||||
Model 1‡ | 4.03 (1.52 -10.64)** | 1.33 (0.47 - 3.77) | 1 | |
Model 2§ | 4.71 (1.40 -15.85)* | 1.23 (0.34 - 4.34) | 1 | |
HOMA-IR | ||||
(< 2.8) n = 152 | 52.9 | 50.7 | 57.6 | 0.813 |
(≥ 2.8) n = 135 | 47.1 | 49.3 | 42.4 | |
Total n = 287 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Model 1‡ | 1.27 (0.58 - 2.75) | 1.38 (0.58 - 3.24) | 1 | |
Model 2§ | 1.11 (0.48 - 2.59) | 1.08 (0.41 - 2.79) | 1 |