Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 3, Number 3, June 2013, pages 47-56


Vitamin D Levels in Overweight/Obese Adults With and Without Metabolic Syndrome

Tables

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics and Laboratory Parameters of Overweight/Obese Adults With Metabolic Syndrome (n = 94, OwithMS), Overweight/Obese Adults Without Metabolic Syndrome (n = 120, OwithoutMS), and Healthy Controls (n = 73, Healthy).
 
ParametersOwithMS (a)OwithoutMS (b)Healthy (c)P
NV = normal value; WC = waist circumference.* One way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD as a post-comparison test.**Chi square test.*** Analysis of covariance with Tukey’s HSD as a post-comparison test, adjusted for age, sex and season.
Age (years)*46.3 ± 10.443.4 ± 11.242.6 ± 12.1P = 0.082
Gender**
  Female
  Male
62 (66%)
32 (34%)
84 (70%)
36 (30%)
45 (61.6%)
28 (38.4%)
P = 0.401
BMI (kg/m2)*34.3 ± 5.631.7 ± 5.022.5 ± 2P = 0.001, a = b > c
WC* (cm)110.8 ± 13.1102.8 ± 11.384.6 ± 11P = 0 .001, a > b > c
Fasting plasma glucose (NV*: 65 - 100 mg/dl)115.5 ± 38.298.5 ± 1698.4 ± 13.70.001
a > b = c
Insulin (µU/mL) (NV: 2.6 - 24.9 µU/mL)13.9 ± 6.011.1 ± 5.78.6 ± 5.20.001
a > b > c
HOMA index (NV: < 2.7)4.0 ± 2.22.8 ± 1.62.1 ± 1.40.001
a > b = c
Total cholesterol (NV: 50 - 200mg/dL)212 ± 37.0199 ± 44.8198 ± 34.80.102
HDL-cholesterol (NV: 29 - 89 mg/dL)41.4 ± 10.148.9 ± 12.849.9 ± 10.40.001
a < b = c
LDL-cholesterol (NV: 0 - 130 mg/dL)135.0 ± 32.9127.0 ± 47.6125.0 ± 31.10.239
Triglycerides (NV: 50 - 200 mg/dL)162.5 ± 77.2118.2 ± 58.1111.6 ± 63.80.001
a > b = c
Calcium (NV:8.6 - 10.0 mg/dl)9.2 ± 0.479.3 ± 0.419.3 ± 0.480.770
a = b = c
Parathyroid hormone (NV:4.7 - 114 pg/ml)71.4 ± 3164.5 ± 26.561.5 ± 270.157
a = b = c
25 (OH) Vitamin D***(ng/dl)16.8 ± 7.318.3 ± 8.621.2 ± 8.90.001
a = b < c

 

Table 2. Distribution of Healthy Controls (Healthy) and Overweight/Obese Adults With (OwithMS) and Without (OwithoutMS) Metabolic Syndrome, According to Age, Gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Season of Patient Evaluation. P Values Were Calculated Using Chi-square Testing.
 
ParametersOwithMS (n = 94) (%)OwithoutMS (n = 120) (%)Healthy (n = 73) (%)P
Age (years)P = 0.418
  18 - 297.410.819.2
  30 - 4953.255.049.3
  50 - 6437.232.530.1
  ≥ 652.11.71.4
  Total100100100
GenderP = 0.401
  Female667061.6
  Male343038.4
  Total100100100
BMI (kg/m2)P = 0.001
  < 24.90.00.0100.0
  25 - 29.920.243.30.0
  ≥ 3079.856.70.0
  Total100100100
Season0.181
  Summer29.822.517.8
  Winter70.277.582.2
  Total100100100

 

Table 3. Serum vitamin D Levels in Healthy Controls (Healthy) and in Overweight/Obese Persons With (OwithMS) and Without (OwithoutMS) Metabolic Syndrome.
 
25(OH)Vitamin D level (ng/mL)OwithMS (N = 94)OwithoutMS (N = 120)Healthy (N = 73)
*p = 0.006, chi square test.
n%n%n%
< 206872.38369.23649.3
20 - 302122.32117.52534.3
≥ 3055.31613.31216.4
Total94100.0120100.073100.0

 

Table 4. Relationship Between Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D and Components of Metabolic Syndrome (Pearson Correlation Test) in Healthy Controls and in Overweight/Obese Persons With and Without Metabolic Syndrome.
 
Pearson’s rP value
HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assesment of Insulin Resistance.
Body mass index (kg/m2)-0.1590.007
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)-0.0260.655
HOMA-IR-0.0010.982
Triglycerides (mg/dL)-0,1490.012
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)-0.0050.932
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)+ 0.0650.276
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)-0.0440.461
Waist circumference (cm)-0.0360.539
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)-0.0430.465
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)-0.0490.406

 

Table 5. Unadjusted Prevalence and Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Limits of Having the Metabolic Syndrome by Different Categories of Serum Vitamin D Concentrations in Healthy Controls (Healthy) and in Overweight/Obese Adults With (OwithMS) and Without (OwithoutMS) Metabolic Syndrome.
 
Vitamin D level (ng/mL)P value***
< 20 (%)20 – 30 (%)≥ 30 (%)
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. *** Chi-square test. ‡Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, season. §§Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, season, and other components of the metabolic syndrome except for the dependent variables.
Metabolic syndrome
  Present (n = 94)65.445.729.40.005
  Absent (Healthy, n = 73)34.654.370.6
  Total (n = 167)100.0100.0100.0
  Model 1‡6.13 (1.83 - 20.47)**2.45 (0.69 - 8.68)1
Metabolic syndrome
  Present (OwithMS, n = 94)45.050.023.80.125
  Absent (OwithoutMS, n = 120)55.050.076.2
  Total (n = 214)100100100
  Model 1‡2.62 (0.91 - 7.52)
P = 0.073
3.20 (0.99 - 10.33)
P = 0.052
1
Components of the metabolic syndrome
Abdominal obesity ( ≥ 94 cm for men, ≥ 80cm for women)
  Present (n = 246)87.283.681.80.613
  Absent (n = 41)12.8%16.4%18.2
  Total (n = 287)100100100
  Model 1‡1.46 (0.49 - 4.33)1.42 (0.42 - 4.74)1
  Model 2§§1.17 (0.36 - 3.73)0.97 (0.27 - 3.50)1
Hypertriglyceridemia
( ≥ 150 mg/dl)
  Present (n = 92)34.831.318.20.169
  Absent (n = 195)65.268.781.8
  Total (n = 287)100100100
  Model 1‡2.67 (1.02 - 6.98)*2.11 (0.74 - 5.99)1
  Model 2§§2.42 (0.88 - 6.63)1.62 (0.54 - 4.87)1
Low HDL cholesterol ( < 40 mg/dl for men, < 50 mg/dl for women)
  Present (n = 145)50.356.739.40.263
  Absent (n = 142)49.743.360.6
  Total (n = 287)100100100
  Model 1‡1.46 (0.66 - 3.23)2.18 (0.90 - 5.26)1
  Model 2§§1.20 (0.52 - 2.75)1.99 (0.79 - 4.96)1
Hypertension ( ≥ 130/85 mm Hg)
  Present (n = 107)38.535.833.30.819
  Absent (n = 180)61.564.266.7
  Total n=287100100100
  Model 1‡1.27 (0.56 - 2.91)1.17 (0.46 - 2.95)1
  Model 2§§1.19 (0.49 - 2,89)0.96 (0.35 - 2.59)1
Hyperglycemia (FPG ≥ 100mg/dl)
  Present n = 5818.725.418.20.484
  Absent n = 22981.374.681.8
  Total n = 287100100100
  Model 1‡1.06 (0.40 - 2.80)1.50 (0.50 - 4.47)1
  Model 2§§0.97 (0.36 - 2.64)1.50 (0.50 - 4.47)1

 

Table 6. Unadjusted Prevalence, Adjusted Odds Ratios, and 95% Confidence Limits of Overweight, Obesity, HOMA-IR by Different Levels of Serum Vitamin D Concentration in Healthy Controls and Overweight/Obese Persons (With and Without Metabolic Syndrome).
 
Vitamin D level ng/mLP***
< 2020 - 30≥ 30
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. *** chi square test. ‡Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, season. §Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, season, and components of the metabolic syndrome. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assesment of Insulin Resistance.
BMI level (kg/m2)
  Healthy controls (< 25) n = 7319.337.336.40.010
  Overweight (25 - 29.9) n = 7124.622.430.3
  Obese (≥ 30) n = 14356.140.333.3
  Total (n = 287)100100100
Overweight1
  Model 1‡1.53 (0.59 - 3.94)0.72 (0.25 - 2.06)1
  Model 2§2.07 (0.66 - 6.44)0.68 (0.20 - 2.31)1
Obesity
  Model 1‡4.03 (1.52 -10.64)**1.33 (0.47 - 3.77)1
  Model 2§4.71 (1.40 -15.85)*1.23 (0.34 - 4.34)1
HOMA-IR
   (< 2.8) n = 15252.950.757.60.813
   (≥ 2.8) n = 13547.149.342.4
  Total n = 287100100100
  Model 1‡1.27 (0.58 - 2.75)1.38 (0.58 - 3.24)1
  Model 2§1.11 (0.48 - 2.59)1.08 (0.41 - 2.79)1