Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jofem.org

Original Article

Volume 1, Number 1, April 2011, pages 27-37


Association of Younger Age With Poor Glycemic and Cholesterol Control in Asians With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Singapore

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Distribution of mean HbA1c (%) by age group.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Distribution of mean LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) by age group.

Tables

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in National Healthcare Group Polyclinics in 2009
 
CharacteristicAge Group
< 4545 - 5455 - 6465 - 7475 - 8485+All
N = 2537N = 9712N = 18200N = 16390N = 9245N = 1973N = 58057
n%n%n%n%n%n%n%
Gender
  Female1201474780499226519047555639611330673122354
  Male133653493251897449734345360639643332683446
Race
  Chinese136054558658126707012543777343791702864120471
  Indian5742318231924711416551084791156748513
  Malay4751918801924881417261179091005745913
  Others1285423457134663265356319093
Other medical problems
  Hypertension134453670769149928214836918732941872954848384
  Dyslipidaemia240995948498178789816152999102981902965692798
  Coronary Heart Disease1235100810297516399824314734799401205021
  Stroke48246251423821311317851951226636111
  Maculopathy/Retinopathy149686991820101579108749152854439
  Peripheral Vascular Disease4122533579370945846155823214
Body Mass Index (BMI)
  Underweight2015911841299226638049082
  Normal41616215422526529573835324535592301741030
  Obese I45318153716213012134385346583605510
  Obese II27511661770243272137117121194
  Overweight74529315532600233465828222824289151707729
  Missing62825214622391722402525283531937471448825
Chronic Kidney Disease
  Stage 11511604574475698313046199191011661586427
  Stage 249920320833769742729044349938566292275939
  Stage 36025235223412381423329436770391069518
  Stage 460601232143734255160813202
  Stage 5302807108415412212620
  Missing4581813191422681217191010541133917715712

 

Table 2. Mean HbA1c, LDL-c, Serum Creatinine and Blood Pressure by Age Group
 
ParameterUnitAge Group
< 4545 - 5455 - 6465 - 7475 - 8485+All
MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSD
HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; BP: Blood pressure.
HbA1c%8.081.627.881.497.521.267.201.057.031.016.860.997.421.27
LDL-cholesterolmmol/L2.840.812.790.762.680.722.580.682.560.702.550.732.650.72
Serum creatininemmol/L69.4236.3975.1642.9181.9344.0290.8350.7598.5249.87108.2462.6886.3848.12
Systolic BPmmHg124.3112.23127.4112.92130.6246.66132.3313.58134.2355.43132.5714.94130.9335.64
Diastolic BPmmHg76.257.5776.107.6774.407.7271.907.7869.928.1068.708.2473.178.12

 

Table 3. Logistic Regression for Factors Significantly* Associated With “Poor” Glycemic Control
 
Variable“Poor” glycemic control (HbA1c > 8%)
Unadjusted OR95% CIAdjusted OR95% CI
[ ] depicts reference group; Adj OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NS: not significant. * P < 0.05 by stepwise logistic regression analysis
Age, y
  < 456.67*5.61 - 7.944.21*3.38 - 5.26
  45 - 544.88*4.16 - 5.733.24*2.64 - 3.97
  55 - 642.99*2.55 - 3.502.12*1.74 - 2.59
  65 - 741.65*1.41 - 1.941.31*1.07 - 1.59
  75 - 841.28*1.08 - 1.511.120.91 - 1.37
  [85+]11
Gender
  Male1.14*1.09 - 1.201.21*1.15 - 1.27
  [Female]11
Race
  [Chinese]11
  Malay2.12*2.01 - 2.241.65*1.54 - 1.77
  Indian2.05*1.94 - 2.171.50*1.40 - 1.61
  Others1.59*1.43 - 1.771.31*1.15 - 1.49
Other Medical Conditions
  Maculopathy/Retinopathy(Yes)2.14*2.01 - 2.271.47*1.36 - 1.59
[No]11
  Peripheral vascular disease(Yes)1.77*1.61 - 1.931.27*1.12 - 1.43
[No]11
  Coronary heart disease(Yes)0.990.95 - 1.051.15*1.08 - 1.23
[No]11
  Heart failure(Yes)1.39*1.24 - 1.541.46*1.27 - 1.68
[No]11
  Ischemic stroke(Yes)0.970.87 - 1.101.22*1.06 - 1.40
[No]11
  Stage of chronic kidney disease
    [Stage 1]11
    Stage 20.54*0.52 - 0.570.63*0.60 - 0.67
    Stage 30.61*0.57 - 0.650.69*0.64 - 0.75
    Stage 40.990.87 - 1.120.75*0.64 - 0.88
    Stage 50.810.60 - 1.090.32*0.22 - 0.47
Diabetes Treatment and Control of Risk Factors
  Insulin(Yes)8.09*7.67–8.538.19*7.70–8.73
[No]11
  LDL-c control, mmol/L
    [<2.6]11
    2.6 – 3.31.33*1.26–1.391.42*1.34–1.50
    3.4 – 4.02.22*2.07–2.392.42*2.24–2.62
    4.1+4.20*3.83–4.624.30*3.87–4.78
  Blood pressure control
    [Normal]11
    High Normal1.061.00–1.111.10*1.04–1.17
    Grade 1 Hypertension1.061.00–1.131.20*1.12–1.70
    Grade 2 Hypertension1.27*1.13–1.431.47*1.27–1.70
  Body Mass Index (BMI)
    Underweight0.80*0.66–0.951.240.99–1.54
    [Normal]11
    Overweight1.261.19–1.321.31*1.15–1.49
    Obese Class 11.63*1.52–1.741.29*1.20–1.39
    Obese Class 21.94*1.75–2.141.39*1.27–1.53