Figure 1. Flowchart summarizing the selection process.
| Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 1923-2861 print, 1923-287X online, Open Access |
| Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Endocrinol Metab and Elmer Press Inc |
| Journal website https://www.jofem.org |
Original Article
Volume 14, Number 5, October 2024, pages 226-239
A Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Context of COVID-19
Figures
Table
| Study | Study design (country) | Total study population | Study period | Overall quality | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-pandemic cohort (years) | Pandemic cohort (years) | |||||||||||||||||
| Comparison of GDM prevalence during pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gu, 2020 [14] | Cohort (China) | 582 | January to February 2019 | January to February 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Justman, 2020 [15] | Cohort (Israel) | 1,352 | March to April 2019 | March to April 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Pariente, 2020 [16] | Cohort (Israel) | 346 | November 2016 to April 2017 | March 18 to April 29, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Molina-Vega, 2021 [17] | Cohort (Spain) | 492 | September 1, 2019 to November 30, 2019 | September 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Chelu, 2022 [18] | Cohort (Romania) | 17,230 | 2017 to 2019 | 2020 and 2021 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Collins-Smith, 2022 [19] | Cohort (USA) | 20,548 | April to July, 2018 and 2019 | April to July 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Gurol-Urganci, 2022 [20] | Cohort (UK) | 948,020 | March 23, 2019 to February 22, 2020 | March 23, 2020 to February 22, 2021 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Handley, 2022 [21] | Cohort (USA) | 31,474 | March 10 to December 31, 2018 and 2019 | March 10 to December 31, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| He, 2022 [22] | Cohort (China) | 140,844 | 2015 to 2019 | 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Keating, 2022 [23] | Case-control (Ireland) | 3,890 | April 1 to June 30, 2019 | April 1 to June 30, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| La Verde, 2022 [24] | Cohort (Italy) | 1,295 | June 11, 2019 to March 9, 2020 | March 10, 2020 to December 1, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Liu, 2022 [25] | Cohort (China) | 3,272 | June 2020 to July 2020 | October 2020 to December 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Ornaghi, 2022 [26] | Cohort (Italy) | 3,666 | March 1 to November 30, 2019 | March 1 to November 30, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Yin, 2022 [27] | Cohort (China) | 53,680 | January to February, 2019 | January to February, 2020 and 2021 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Zanardo, 2022 [28] | Case-control (Italy) | 1,170 | 2019 | 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Zheng, 2022 [29] | Cohort (China) | 6,611 | January 23 to July 31, 2019 | January 23 to July 31, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Ansari, 2023 [30] | Cohort (Iran) | 5,711 | March to May 2019 | March to May 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Auger, 2023 [31] | Cohort (Canada) | 569,686 | January 1, 2014 to February 29, 2020 and August 23, 2019 to February 29, 2020 | March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Boguslawski, 2023 [32] | Cohort (USA) | 1,680 | March 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019 | March 1, 2020 to August 31, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Gharacheh, 2023 [33] | Cohort (Iran) | 1,208,671 | February 30 to August 30, 2019 | February 30 to August 30, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Gholami, 2023 [34] | Cohort (Iran) | 2,371,332 | February 2019 to February 30, 2020 | March 1, 2020 to March 1, 2021 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Meloncelli, 2023 [35] | Cohort (Australia) | 57,891 | July 1 to December 31, 2019 | July 1 to December 31, 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Raischer, 2023 [36] | Cohort (Israel) | 4,765 | April to September 2019 | April to September 2020 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Rhou, 2023 [37] | Cohort (Australia) | 28,207 | January 1, 2018 to January 31, 2020 | February 1, 2020 to January 31, 2022 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Garrow, 2024 [4] | Cohort (USA) | 69,824 | May 1, 2018 to March 11, 2020 | March 12, 2020 to December 2022 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Zare, 2024 [38] | Cohort (Iran) | 6,856 | February 18, 2019 to February 17, 2020 | February 18, 2020 to February 17, 2021 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Study | Study design (country) | Total study population | Study period | No. of pregnant women with GDM and with COVID-19 (total GDM/total COVID-19) | Overall quality | |||||||||||||
| COVID-19 as a risk factor for GDM | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adhikari, 2020 [39] | Cohort (USA) | 3,374 | March 18 to August 22, 2020 | 14/252 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Gulersen, 2020 [40] | Cohort (USA) | 100 | April 9, 2020 to April 27, 2020 | 1/50 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Kayem, 2020 [41] | Cohort (France) | 617 | March 1 to April 14, 2020 | 71/617 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Knight, 2020 [42] | Cohort (UK) | 427 | March 1 to April 14, 2020 | 50/427 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Panagiotakopoulos, 2020 [43] | Cohort (USA) | 105 | March 1 to May 30, 2020 | 16/105 | Fair | |||||||||||||
| Patberg, 2021 [44] | Cohort (USA) | 133 | March 31 to June 17, 2020 | 5/77 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Prabhu, 2020 [45] | Cohort (USA) | 675 | March 22 to March 24, 2020 | 6/70 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Sakowicz, 2020 [46] | Cohort (USA) | 1,418 | April 8 to May 31, 2020 | 6/101 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Yang, 2020 [47] | Cohort (China) | 11,078 | January 13 to March 18, 2020 | 3/65 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Yazihan, 2020 [48] | Case-control (Turkey) | 187 | June 14 to August 28, 2020 | 1/95 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Aydin, 2021 [49] | Cohort (Turkey) | 167 | April to December 2020 | 3/163 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Epelboin, 2021 [50] | Cohort (France) | 244,645 | March to June 2020 | 139/874 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Gupta, 2021 [51] | Cohort (India) | 3,165 | September 1 to November 30, 2020 | 16/108 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Hcini, 2021 [52] | Cohort (French Guiana) | 507 | June 16 to August 16, 2020 | 13/137 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Hill, 2021 [53] | Cohort (USA) | 218 | April 10 to June 15, 2020 | 9/218 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Katz, 2021 [54] | Case-control (USA) | 1,454 | March 19 to May 31, 2020 | 33/490 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Siddiqui, 2021 [55] | Cohort (India) | 100 | May 25 to September 3, 2020 | 4/100 | Poor | |||||||||||||
| Almaghrabi, 2022 [56] | Cohort (Saudi arabia) | 31 | 2021 | 9/31 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Damar Cakirca, 2022 [57] | Cohort (Turkey) | 75 | April to August 2020 | 3/75 | Poor | |||||||||||||
| Eskanazi, 2022 [58] | Cohort (18 countries*) | 2,071 | March 2020 to February 2021 | 75/672 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Ferrara, 2022 [59] | Cohort (USA) | 44,318 | March 1, 2020 to March 16, 2021 | 104/1,101 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Kleinwechter, 2022 [60] | Cohort (Germany and Austria) | 2819 | April 3, 2020 to August 24, 2021 | 140/1,490 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Kurian, 2022 [61] | Cohort (India) | 856 | August 1, 2020 to July 31, 2021 | 120/856 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Minisha, 2022 [62] | Cohort (Qatar) | 500 | March 2020 to March 2021 | 202/500 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Monod, 2022 [63] | Case-control (Italy) | 159 | January to February 2022 | 15/65 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Ortqvist, 2022 [64] | Cohort (Sweden and Norway) | 188,822 | March 2020 to January 2021 (Sweden) and March 2020 to August 2021 (Norway) | 172/2,222 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Radan, 2022 [65] | Case-control (Switzerland) | 224 | May 2020 to July 2021 | 26/75 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Radan, 2022 [66] | Cohort (Switzerland) | 153 | May 2020 to July 2021 | 30/153 | Poor | |||||||||||||
| Simon, 2022 [67] | Cohort (France) | 510,387 | March to December 2020 | 498/2,927 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Vikas, 2022 [68] | Cohort (India) | 49 | 3 months during COVID-19 pandemic | 4/49 | Poor | |||||||||||||
| Vousden, 2022 [69] | Cohort (UK) | 4,436 | March 1, 2020 to October 31, 2021 | 439/4,436 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Ziert, 2022 [70] | Cohort (Germany) | 1,485 | April 3, 2020 to April 24, 2021 | 144/1,485 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Cundubey, 2023 [71] | Case-control (Turkey) | 463 | March 2020 to March 2022 | 13/56 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Libretti, 2024 [72] | Case-control (Italy) | 168 | March 2020 to March 2023 | 23/168 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Xiao, 2023 [73] | Case-control (China) | 198 | December 1, 2022 to January 31, 2023 | 20/89 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Zehra, 2023 [74] | Case-control (Pakistan) | 246 | April 1, 2020 to January 31, 2022 | 59/244 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Yi, 2024 [75] | Cohort (China) | 611 | December 7, 2019 to April 30, 2023 | 105/611 | Good | |||||||||||||
| Study | Study design (country) | Total study population | Study period | No. of pregnant women | Overall quality | |||||||||||||
| Total GDM/total COVID-19 positive | Total GDM/total COVID-19 negative | |||||||||||||||||
| COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; UK: United Kingdom; USA: United States of America. | ||||||||||||||||||
| GDM as a risk factor for COVID-19 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adhikari, 2020 [39] | Cohort (China) | 3,374 | March 18 to August 22, 2020 | 14/252 | 207/3,122 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Gulersen, 2020 [40] | Cohort (USA) | 100 | April 9, 2020 to April 27, 2020 and November 2019 (controls) | 1/50 | 7/50 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Patberg, 2020 [44] | Cohort (USA) | 133 | March 31, 2020 to June 17, 2020 | 5/77 | 0/56 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Prabhu, 2020 [45] | Cohort (USA) | 675 | March 22, 2020 to March 24, 2020 | 6/70 | 54/605 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Sakowicz, 2020 [46] | Cohort (USA) | 1,418 | April 8, 2020 to May 31, 2020 | 6/101 | 87/1,317 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Yang, 2020 [47] | Cohort (China) | 11,078 | January 13 to March 18, 2020 | 3/65 | 1,207/11,013 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Yazihan, 2020 [48] | Case-control (Turkey) | 187 | June 14, 2020 to August 28, 2020 | 1/95 | 2/92 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Epelboin, 2021 [50] | Cohort (France) | 244,645 | March to June 2020 | 139/874 | 29,251/243,771 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Gupta, 2021 [51] | Cohort (India) | 3,165 | September 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020 | 108/16 | 334/3,057 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Hcini, 2021 [52] | Cohort (French Guiana) | 507 | June 16 to August 16, 2020 | 13/137 | 30/370 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Hill, 2021 [53] | Cohort (USA) | 218 | April 10 to June 15, 2020 | 4/49 | 47/413 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Katz, 2021 [54] | Case-control (USA) | 1,454 | March 19 to May 31, 2020 | 33/490 | 67/964 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Eskanazi, 2022 [58] | Cohort (18 countries*) | 2,071 | March 2020 to February 2021 | 75/672 | 119/1,399 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Monod, 2022 [63] | Case-control (Italy) | 159 | January 2020 to February 2022 | 15/65 | 18/94 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Ortqvist, 2022 [64] | Cohort (Sweden and Norway) | 188,822 | March 2020 to January 2021 (Sweden) and March 2020 to August 2021 (Norway) | 172/2,222 | 5,648/105,477 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Radan, 2022 [65] | Case-control (Switzerland) | 224 | May 2020 to July 2021 | 26/75 | 24/149 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Simon, 2022 [67] | Cohort (France) | 510,387 | March to December, 2020 | 498/2,927 | 69,130/507,460 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Cundubey, 2023 [71] | Case-control (Turkey) | 463 | March 2020 to March 2022 | 13/56 | 88/407 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Libretti, 2023 [72] | Case-control (Italy) | 168 | March 2020 to March, 2023 | 23/168 | 9/170 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Xiao, 2023 [73] | Case-control (China) | 198 | December 1, 2022 to January 31, 2023 | 20/89 | 21/109 | Good | ||||||||||||
| Zehra, 2023 [74] | Case-control (Pakistan) | 246 | April 1 to January 31, 2022 | 59/244 | 55/247 | Good | ||||||||||||